A consideration of how the result of an investigation or test will change your management should be undertaken. Any investigation that will have no influence on management should not be performed. In these situations, the test will incur a cost (to both the patient and the health care system), but provide no benefit to the patient.
Patient expectations/ideas and requests of medical care can influence decision making regarding tests, investigations and procedures. An open discussion about the necessity and harms of these can help reduce patient requests for non-beneficial interventions. Justify why the particular test/investigation is non-beneficial and provide alternatives for the patient in a shared decision making process.
Medical students and Trainee interns should be able to have discussions about the necessity of tests, treatments or procedures in patients under their care. The hospital is a learning environment and facilitating open discussion regarding benefit and harms of interventions is critical for development into competent clinicians. Thus, requires an environment where students feel safe to ask supervisors questions without fear of repercussions or bullying. This also extends to patient’s requests. In the case of a patient requesting a test that is unlikely to be of benefit, rather than acceding to avoid conflict, question why they are requesting this test, treatment or procedure.
All investigations and procedures should be done for the benefit of the patient. It is unacceptable to suggest these for the sole purpose of gaining experience.
Patients bring their own experience of illness and attitudes to risk that may affect their preferences for certain test, procedures of treatments. They may have cultural and/or religious beliefs that need to be considered. These patient factors need to be considered alongside the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment options when making decisions. This integrated approach is expected to lead to better outcomes through improvement of communication, acceptability of tests/treatment/procedures.
The options for an investigation, treatment or procedure will come with differing levels of invasiveness. There are situations where the least invasive approach may provide the same outcomes with minimal harm, for example ultrasound is the preferred initial consideration for imaging examination in children and young adults with suspected appendicitis. Thus, the least invasive options should always be considered first before those options that may be associated with potential harm
In the effort to not look inadequate in front of a senior clinician, it is can be tempting to order a range of investigations to ensure everything has been covered. These investigations are unlikely to provide further information and be of relevance to the patient. Senior clinicians should instead encourage delivery of high value and appropriate health care.
This list was created by the New Zealand Medical Students Association (NZMSA), which represents all the medical students in New Zealand. The model on which this list was created is based upon “Six Things Medical Students and Trainees Should Question” developed by the Canadian Federation of Medical Students, and the Fédération médicale étudiante du Québec. A subgroup of four medical students created the above recommendations with guidance from the Council of Medical Colleges (CMC). Seven recommendations were developed and approved by both NZMSA and a CMC Executive Committee.